Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Economics - Essay Example In an oligopoly market structure there are a limited number of firms operating in the marketplace. In the market structure in which Ford operates the barriers of entry are high (Amosweb, 2011). This is one of the reasons why there are a limited number of participants in the auto industry. One of the major barriers of entry is capital. It takes billions of dollars to create the infrastructure necessary to become an auto maker. The learning curve to become efficient at producing cars is long, thus experience is extremely important. The price elasticity of demand in the auto industry is medium. Customers care about price, but there are lots of other features that add value such as reliability, warranty, luxury, and performance which ultimately determine the price point of the automobile. A strategy Ford has used in the last couple of years is introducing hybrid vehicle models. One of its best selling models is the Ford Fusion Hybrid. The economic profits in an oligopoly market structure depend on the other players (Answers, 2011). For example when one company has clearance sales, other firms follow and implement similar strategies. Players in oligopoly markets such as Ford have power over their suppliers. References Amosweb.com (2011). Oligopoly and Monopolistic Competition. Retrieved March 7, 2011 from http://www.amosweb.com/cgi-bin/awb_nav.pl?s=wpd&c=dsp&k=oligopoly+and+monopolistic+competition Annual Report: Ford Motor (2009).

Rhos-Y-Gwaliau Outdoor Education Center Essay Example for Free

Rhos-Y-Gwaliau Outdoor Education Center Essay Hello, Im here today to talk to you all about work experience. I can see a few anxious faces when I mention the words work experience, but I hope that my talk today will change that. Incase some of you are not exactly sure what work experience is, its a placement that you personally choose yourself, and than you will go there for a period of two weeks. I now it might seem a long time, two weeks but when youre there time just flays, and itll be worth it. And if youre lucky you might decide what you would like to do in the future from this experience, you never know!! Getting a placement is quite straight-forward you know. Well it does depend on were youre thinking of going. You can either phone them, e-mail them or send them a letter. What I did was phone them because I believe this was the most affective way and this way you are also able to find out more necessary information. All I had to do after I phoned was go and visit my placement to get to know everyone and to get to know the building. The day before I started on my work experience I was very anxious, but at the same time I was looking forward. So dont worry if you have similar feelings before you start your work experience because theyre just normal. The only advise I can give you is that you have an early night before you start your work experience so youll be rearing to go the next morning. Also on your first day you should make sure that you arrive at your placement right on time, so you make a good impression to your co-workers and employer. Its also important that you have a reliable transport. I was very lucky with my transport because my mum passed my placement on the way to her work, and it was very convenient. I went to Rhos-Y-Gwaliau Outdoor Education Center for my two weeks. I was very anxious before I got there each morning because I had no idea what was in store for me. The whole experience wasnt half as bad as I had predicted, I hope your outcome at the end of your work experience will be the same as well. Where I went on my work experience I didnt really have a typical day. Each day I did something different, sailing, canoeing, canoeing, climbing, hill trails and gorge walks. I arrived at the center at 8am each morning, then I had to make sure that all the children that were in my group had packed all the necessary kit they needed for the day. The we would all gather in the canteen, and make our lunches ready for the busy day that we had planned in front of us. Then we would all set off in our individual group and head towards our activity location. I had so much fun from my experience at Rhos-Y-Gwaliau Outdoor Education Center, and I found out a lot about myself. I do hope that you will choose a suitable placement for yourself and gain a lot of experience and knowledge. I sure did, and this whole experience will always stay with me. I dont have to tell you how much I enjoyed my work experience, because Im sure you can imagine. There was nothing I really disliked about my work experience, well the hours were a bit long, because twice a week I had to be there from 8am till 9pm, which I believe was a very long shift, but that didnt bring me down the slightest bit more enjoyable. The whole experience at Rhos-Y-Gwaliau Outdoor Education Center has definitely helped me choose what I would like to do in the future. This is an ideal work I would love to do when Im older. I found out that Im able to work with people from all ages and I truly enjoy working with children because you are able to see all the progress they have done and youre able to see the amazement on the childrens faces when they achieve a new skill. When I help people I get a warm feeling in my heart. I wish you all the best for the future, and I hope that my talk today has reassured you all, and you have a better incline of what to expect when youll be starting work experience in couple of weeks time. And I truly do hope that you will have two fantastic weeks at your placements, and try your best to enjoy them. Thank-you for listening to my talk today, and I hope that I have helped some of you, and you now know a little bit more of what youre in for. All the best to every single one of you. And thank-you for being such a good audience.

Teachers and modern classroom

Teachers and modern classroom There have been profound changes in the education policies with the change in times requiring skills from modern teachers that were not even imagined possible in an earlier era. Generally teaching in classrooms were sessions that used the board, lecture, and oral and written tests of the subject and direct interaction between the teacher and students. This required skills for the teacher like a willingness to explain in depth, lecturing and presentation skills, motivation and in some cases the excise of authority and leadership. This role is slowly changing and so is the method of the delivery of instruction. Today information is not in the lecture or library but on the internet and sometimes lectures are replaces by multimedia presentations. The teacher today is called upon to be techno smart and highly creative. This has posed problems for teachers who are not trained in these technologies. Tied with modern concepts like involvement, and many other new concepts like global learning communities the teacher is always expected to upgrade their skills, and standards not only in the respective subjects but also teaching skills and methods used. This causes a dual draw. As it is there is a lack of information in the teaching departments about performance. Secondly teachers are yet to be trained properly in the use of information for the identification of weaker students and also to understand their own deficiencies. Thus teachers are not privy to data and where data is available either on the education prospects, or on the subjects or even on the students progress teachers are unable to use the information meaningfully due to lack of competency in the use of technology or the necessary medium is not available to them perhaps even on cost considerations. Unfortunately such shifts have caused teaching merely to be academic based on formulas, and painting by numbers. Technology has made the primary-school teachers into technicians. There are more and more of the administrative demands on teachers, and with a larger population of students and changes in policy that make social practices become optional. As education gets modernized it is pointed out that there is a need to develop the data processing methods. Instructional designs properly done will reduce the difficulty of understanding and the modern requirements that is necessary for task automation, time components, and technology. There is a great care required for the educational processes from textbook selection, instruction and the often marginalized social position in womens work. Creativity has become the good example in education with the teachers required to improvise the teaching methods irrespective of the use of modern technologies. As a result modern teachers use props and craft to get the message passed on to the students rather than the rote and learn technology of previews years. More students are taken to field trips and teachers are called upon to show their creative skills in creating absorbing activities. These manipulations need the teacher to plan a sequence of projects where the student is made to learn by doing, something unheard of in the past. The earlier discussions revealed that for a long time the teaching community has been using props and small technology that was creative and crafted to the requirements of the class room. That was an aide and a supplement to the class teaching and did not distance the teacher from the learning stream. Their work was participatory. However with the modern gadgets the things get confusing. The teacher showing a multimedia presentation does not participate with it and there is no doing and learning. Instructions are on the screen and are impersonal. Does this impair the learning process? There is no direct research on this though arguments have been advanced on either site. There are many types of technology that is in use today and it is argued that it can be used to teach. Thus the modern information and electronic technology can be used to convey information like a word processor. This helps those with writing problems as in dyslexia. Teachers can use such technologies to advantage. Other available tools like desktop publishing tools, music software, are all used in modern classrooms. Computer Programs like Excel that can plot graphs and pie charts can be used to save time in the teaching of data analysis. Likewise the physics class can be with practical multimedia. These facilities often handicap the teacher who is not trained to only in the use of the media but also in the method of using them as the supplement to his or her lecture skills and direct rapport with the student. In order to prevent the teacher from becoming a switch presser who takes no active part in the session other that show slides or let the software do the talking teachers have to be educated on the methods of using technology without compromising their ability to build a relationship. This calls for reorienting the teacher. Teachers have a great difficulty in the use of technology. The teacher today is faced with the changes in the classroom and technology. Novick says that students today are into the use of technology but are emotionally and physically drained. They are according to Bernard Novick the products of a new era. Therefore there is a need to train and encourage the teaching communities to be equipped themselves and handle the changes and adapt to the standard of the new student generation and their requirements. Lankshear devolve into the problems of teachers who are subject to a world that is changing not only in the area of literacy and education but also in the changing face of technology which is complicating the way education is being modernized. Thus today there is a link between literacy, technology and learning. The authors comment that there is a lot of enthusiasm and initiative with teachers and students in integrating new technologies into the activities of classroom-based literacy education. The author has researched the aspect o changes in technology that could do both, bridge the inabilities and cover for the shortcomings of the students and also become a possible creator of disabilities. On the other hand, Mac Arthur et al argue that the changes in the technology have changed the nature of the technology practices and also have caused impairment to cognitive facilities. Computer technologies may have a very far reaching influence on skills especially to writing skill and vocabulary. The ability of writing well phased matter with reflection is a skill that is cultivated by the written language; unfortunately these skills could be jeopardized. On the other hand technology could bring in aid to the really disadvantaged by providing required support. In extreme cases this could afford a method of imparting knowledge where formerly there were none. Thus it is evident that the modern teacher cannot be away from the influence of technology and it is time that teachers are technically trained, and they are also made aware of the use of modern data processing methods which will enable them in assessing students and understanding their own potential and role. As with all industries these problems are also the foundations for unions to call in the status quo. Because the modern technologies. The unions for the teachers have unfortunately blocked their own progress. Unions though a great means of collective bargaining interfere in the progressive measures which include programs to enhance the teachers proficiency and effectiveness. Thus there is a problem of the parent collective and the teachers unions and the educational institutions. Though there is autonomy of institutions larger decisions often involve the negotiation with the unions. The recent move in Columbia to make the teaching effective with the voucher plan for example gives greater say to parents. This will ensure that the teacher is dedicated to the job. Thus the initial voucher plans for the children in the District of Columbia which were funded by the government have for example given teeth to parents in education. The unions mostly are raking up issues for political mileage and this seriously impairs the quality of not only education but also of teachers. That unions were involving teachers in their political agenda was evident when the IRS charged that the NEA is illegally making use of funds which are tax-exempt for the purpose of political activity. This is in the wake of the Democratic Party documents showing that NEA is a campaign which was coordinated by the party in the year 1996. The unionism has not affected all teachers. The NEAs agenda is making teachers turn away from it because it involves opinions on international issues not involved with teaching. The AAE and its coalition have 250,000 members, and are not into collective bargaining, on the other hand offer liability-insurance policies and scholarships for teachers. There is also the suggestion of a voucher system where the teacher will be assessed by the parents. This may benefit the good teachers. That these problems do not escape the notice of teachers is evident from the protests of the teachers who wish to be devoid of union compulsions. Teachers are critical of the unions. For example public-school teachers are opposing the unions that claim to represent them on issues ranging from alleged misuse of member dues for political activity to union insistence on politically correct curricula. Thus with parental rights teachers are calling for teachers right to be devoid of union harassment. Thus there is a division on the issue and while unions provide for insurance, and other group benefits, they must not enter into the very root of the education system. Freedom of expression without compulsions must be guaranteed to the teachers. There are lots of women teachers in all communities. In fact women tend to take to teaching as a vocation more than men. However the issues that confront male teachers in the school are also present for the female teachers in the same ratio. Thus they also have to be technically skilled, and oriented to the modern teaching methods. Earlier women were relegated to the kindergarten and the primary schools. Now they are in high positions in academic institutions including research institutions and have a role in the formulation of education policies. The distinction between the male teacher and the female teacher lies in the reach women have on the marginalized children and therefore the teaching of these groups who cannot attend school is a speciality that has to be developed in willing women teachers. Thus the technology of today enables women at home take a shot at home schooling to have virtual but still intimate emotional connections. There is evidence of social disintegration, with the loss of the common school and the teacher education programs and there is a move aimed at retraditionalization with individualism being more asserted. Home schooling has come to stay especially in cases where the child is disadvantaged. It is there that Michael W. Apple lays stress on the role of women educators. It is his opinion that teacher education must be available for women, not only the professional teacher at school, but also those who care for the disadvantaged and are engaged in schooling either at home or in the community. It is urged that this ought to be considered seriously.

Russian Immigration Essay -- History Historical Russia Immigrants Essa

Russian Immigration In the 1990s the United States of America was marked with an incredible surge of immigration from the territories of former Soviet Union. â€Å"Liberated† à ©migrà ©s decided to take a chance, leaving everything they had behind in pursuit of a better life. They brought with them education, numerous skills and talents. Their difficulties, however, including a foreign language, their age and inability to quickly adapt their social attitudes to new values, bogged down their feat to succeed in conquering the â€Å"American Dream† (Fox 79). Overcoming aforementioned obstacles, the responsibility of creating own fortunes and great accomplishments is now inherited by the second-generation of immigrants.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Russian immigration has a long history in the United States, dating back to early 1900’s. Successive waves of immigration were triggered by World War I, The Russian Revolution and World War II. During a period of liberalization in the late 1970s and early 1980s, starting with Jackson-Vanik Amendment, Jews were allowed to leave Soviet Union. Even Andropov, the General Secretary of the Communist Party at a time, urged thousands of impoverished Jews to leave USSR (Khazbulatov 7). The regime however refused to allow most educated Jews and for that matter other ethnic groups especially Russian, to emigrate, despite the KGB claim that all individuals wishing to emigrate were free to do so (Khazbulatov 8). Most recently, with the collapse of the Soviet Union and opening of immigration rules, an unprecedented million Russians immigrated to the United States. As evidence, the Russian-speaking population in America surged 254 percent from 1990 to 1998. (Fox 79) This most recent wave of immigration consisted mainly of Jewish refuges, skilled workers, elite scientists and artists. They came to the United States for a variety of reasons, but mostly to escape unbearable living conditions, constituted by a sudden collapse of the Soviet regime. Yegor Gaidar‘s failure of economic reforms to reincarnate Russia led to rising prices, inflation and further penury of its citizens, leading to the rise of social and political unrest (Khazbulatov 56). Anti-Semitic feelings among general population resonated and boomed as ultra-nationalists blamed the Jews for all of the country’s problems (Fox 80). With scientific research halted and productivity decreasing, technologi... ... Works cited Fox, Susan. â€Å"Loss and the Emigration Experience of Jews from the USSR.† Mental Health Workshops 2003: 79-90 Kanaracus, Chris. â€Å"The Unusual Suspects.† Worcester Magazine July 31 – Aug. 6, 2003 : 6-9 Tanner, Adam. â€Å"Pair Evaded Family Academic Legacy to Found Google.† News.com 2003:http://investor.news.com/Engine?Account=cnet&PageName=NEWSREAD&ID=1034455&Ticker=MSFT&SOURCE=N27650200 â€Å"Learning Russian In Moscow at the famous Lomonosov University.† StudyRussian.com 2004: http://studyrussian.com/MGU/russian-education-system.html â€Å"10 Most Influential Russian Americans† Sitebits 2003: http://www.sitebits.com/2003/2003-12-16.html â€Å"Culture-Sensitive Health Care: Russian Jewish Immigrants.† Diversity Resources, Inc. Amherst, MA. 2000: http://www.diversityresources.com/rc04_sample/russian.htm Khasbulatov, Ruslan. Velikaya Rossiskaya Tragediya (â€Å"The Great Russian Tragedy†). Moscow: Too Sims, 1998. Dezhina, Irina, and Graham, Loren. â€Å"Russian Basic Science: Changes Since The Collapse Of The Soviet Union And The Impact Of International Support.† Royal Society London October 22, 2001: http://www.crdf.org/cgi-bin/Conference2001_Papers/GrahamDezhina_paper.htm

Real State in Uae

College of Business Administration(COBA) Master of Business Administration(MBA) Report on Real Estate Business in United Arab Emirates Prepared by: MBA Students 19th December, 2011 Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY1 INTRODUCTION2 HISTORY OF UAE REAL ESTATE BUSINESS3 NATURE OF REAL ESTATE MARKET4 SUPPLY AND DEMAND MODEL5 ELASTICITY OF UAE REAL ESTATE MARKET7 REAL ESTATE BUSINESS – IMPACT ON UAE ECONOMY8 UAE REAL ESTATE BUSINESS – CLASSIFICATIONS9 Residential real estate market9 Office market10 Retail market11 Hotel market12 UAE REAL ESTATE LAWS12 CHALLENGES IN UAE REAL ESTATE SECTOR13SWOT ANALYSIS OF UAE REAL ESTATE SECTOR14 FUTURE GROWTH – INFERENCES AND CRITICAL CATALYSTS14 CONCLUSION17 REFERENCES18 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY United Arab Emirates is considered as the most active property market among GCC countries. Real estate and business service sector contribute a considerable share for the growth of the nation. The economic boom during the years 2003 – 2007 increases the demand for real estate properties and there were shortage in residential and commercial segments. Emirates like Dubai have found an important place in world tourism map, the conditions in UAE also attracts foreign investors and job seekers.So, the available real estate space for residential and commercial purposes was not enough to fulfill the present requirement. Real estate markets in emirates like Ajman, Fujairah, and Ras Al Khaimah are not exploited well; they provide new avenues for investors. Completion of some major projects in Dubai and Abu Dhabi in coming years expected to be able meet the requirements. In some real estate sectors like hotel market, experts predicts oversupply situation in future. Global financial crisis in the years 2008 -2009 badly influenced the real estate sector also.Due to uncertainty in markets, many expatriates return to home country and new investors in fear to make large investments. Expected huge supply along with reduce in demand d uring crisis time, value of real estate properties went down especially in Dubai. UAE government projects like ‘Abu Dhabi vision 2030’ provides enough importance for supplying residential properties. UAE economy is now recovering from recession and new opportunities in different sectors will enhance the growth of real estate sector in coming years.So, this analysis is meaningful to measure the current situation in UAE real estate market and to forecast to the future. ? INTRODUCTION ‘Real Estate’ is a broad term which represents a piece of land including the air above ground below and any building or structure on it. This can also include the business and residential properties which can be sold by the individual who own the property or a relater. Real estate refers to residential new homes and existing ones, commercial shopping centers and offices, industrial manufacturing buildings and properties, undeveloped lands and farms etc.Real estate investments are largely influenced by the condition of the immediate area where the property is located. The values affected by local factors such as availability of jobs, crime rates, taxes, presence of educational institutions and so on. In different countries, the broad nature of the term ‘real estate’ may vary but key ideas behind is almost same. Generally speaking, real estate is the property consisting of land and the buildings on it along with its natural resources. Real estate business represents the profession of buying, selling, renting or leasing of lands, buildings, houses etc.This business area includes the activities for providing goods and services involving financial, commercial and industrial aspects. Major players in this business are land owners, developers, builders, real estate agents, tenants, buyers and so on. This is an important business area where huge amount of money is involved and so, in depth knowledge is helpful. Real estate business is attractive becaus e there is chance to earn more money within the short span of period. In the last decade, real estate business in UAE has a tremendous level of growth due to various favorable situations.The basic driven forces for such a growth are economic growth of the country, increase in income, capital inflow from foreign investors, increase in population of expatriates and liberal laws. Economic development in the UAE has largely influenced by real estate sector and its impact on GDP growth rate is very crucial. Increase in tourism and development of other business sectors stretch the confidence of investors, especially from outside the country in real estate business. Employment opportunities are high in different emirates and there by expatriate population increases, this provides good opportunities in residential real estate sector.Many multinational companies found UAE is an important business location and begin their investments also enables the rapid growth in real estate sector. UAE pr operty market is still growing after the decline faced at time global economic crisis and recession. UAE open their opportunities to foreign investors in terms of culture and social integration and considered as one the most secure country in terms of political and economic environment. UAE is now creating a real estate and property boom that will delight dream of many people and creates regions within the nation that are representative of the world.So the turn over from real estate business is high especially in emirate like Dubai. HISTORY OF UAE REAL ESTATE BUSINESS Till the early 70s, when it constitutes a single nation by combining seven emirates, UAE is one of the least developed countries in the world. Today UAE has achieved growth rate and income level comparable to that of industrialized nations. As we know, the revenue from oil was the main source for the development in the early stages of the country. The infrastructure for many other business sectors were developed using the revenue from crude oil.In 1980s, UAE followed a resource based industry as a development strategy for over all development of country using natural resources. At this time, real estate properties are under the ownership of government and citizens have limited accessibility on such properties. Restricted transactions are there which happed between local people. When industries established here, real estate market also got a hike. Industrialization and impact of crude oil on global economy enabled UAE to be an investor’s destination for business. Gradually, the number of expatriates increases, most of them came here as employees.This trend enhances the development of residential and commercial real estate market. In late 90s, government authorities realize the uneven growth of real estate business and its opportunities. In this time, many of the multinational companies set their franchisees or braches in different emirates. The employment opportunities of the country expand thereafter and so real estate market got the boom. Authorities formulated new sophisticated real estate laws in the country to encourage foreign investments in large projects.The government’s decision to diversify from a trade based economy to service and tourism oriented made real estate sector is more valuable. Establishment of free zones enables to encourage investors by providing maximum freedom to establish industries. Special laws are formulated for free zones to keep the interests of investors. These free zones also contribute a lot to the gradual growth of real estate sector. Free holding of properties revolutionize the real estate market, which encourage foreign investments.Free hold allowing foreigners to buy properties, before that, only UAE nationals can hold property with restricted permissions. This policy adopted by Dubai in 2002 and implemented from 2003, help them to explore high turnover from real estate market. UAE real estate business grew gradually by ex ploiting different favorable conditions here; retain its growth till 2008. Global economic crisis from 2007 have some sort of impact on real estate business in UAE also, influence more on Emirate of Dubai. Dubai faced another recession in 1999, but it didn’t affect relatively small real estate sector at that time when comparing to late 2000s.Property value came to extreme down level due to less demand. During the period of recession, property prices down and investors are afraid to spend money in the sector. UAE slowly recover economic crisis and the demand for properties is still high. So economists predict further growth in coming years in real estate business. (UAE real estate, Reaching New Heights- KFH research) NATURE OF REAL ESTATE MARKET UAE real estate property market suffered a crash during the time of global economic crisis and now the business is gaining back the momentum.Since the transactions involved with considerably large amount and due to the expanding nature of business, we have consider the distinct characteristics and factors influencing the real estate business. Real estate assets and markets are unique when comparing to other market goods. This tends to be highly localized and segmented with privately negotiated transactions. Main characteristics are: Uniqueness: each real estate property can assume to be more or less unique, makes it difficult to compare with other properties.Durability: New structures usually have long life and so yield benefits over a long period of time. Large transaction size: Most of the real estate transactions create in a large financial requirement. So the cost and availability of financing has more influence on real estate market. Long development/ production period: from conception to completion, real estate projects often take years to complete. That means that supply of real estate properties typically slow to adjust to the increase in demand from real estate market.So real estate market is far away fr om ideal competitive market. Real estate business is influenced by many different factors which affect the real value of property also. The dynamic integration among different factors creates the business trends in the real estate market. Physical or environmental factors are noticeable to observe. Such factors include soil, climate, water, topography, scenic beauty, infrastructure and desirable destinations like schools, commercial areas, employment centers etc. Economic factors will strongly influence growth of the city or decline and here by property values, both demand and supply factors affect in this context. Demand factors include trends in employment and income, the availability of financing and so on. Economic factors that affect supply are availability of vacant and improved properties, rental and price patterns of existing properties, construction cost etc. All real estate property values are largely influenced by government policies and actions. Developing free zones, im plementing different kinds of regulations, construction of physical infrastructure etc are responsibilities of government as part of their policies.In UAE federal monitory policy and emirate fiscal policies also influence real estate markets. SUPPLY AND DEMAND MODEL Real estate economics is attempt to apply economic techniques to real estate markets, which tries to describe predict patterns of prices, supply and demand. Supply and demand model represents the relationship between quantity of a commodity that producers have available for sale and the quantity that consumers are willing and able to buy. The function of market is to equalize demand and supply through price mechanism where it keeps an equilibrium price to balance demand and supply.Diagrammatic representation of supply and demand model commonly mentioned as demand curve and supply curve, these curves plotted against the variables price and quantity. In highly competitive economy, the combination of upward slopping supply curve downward slopping demand curve represents the supply and demand schedule the intersecting point represents the equilibrium price for the item. Source: http://kkrugler. files. wordpress. com/2008/02/supply-demand-curve. png The huge uncertainty because of recession during 2010 in real estate market causes down fall of property values.Real demand level of real estate properties depends on population growth, both in residents and expatriates estimated around 15,000 new unit requirements per annum in Dubai itself. Then there is a situation arises where supply exceeds demand due to overbuilding and market uncertainty. Most of the projects in residential sector focus on luxury villas and apartments, but the requirement is only 30% of the total. So, there is still an undersupply for low and medium cost residential properties. Many projects are delaying due to uncertainty in demand and so, expecting the demand gap will increase in future.According to the renowned rating agency Moodyâ €™s, the oversupply in luxury residential sector and in commercial sector will continues till 2016 and there will be a delay in price recovery in real estate sector. Some researchers expect recovery to 2008 price level around 2020. The situation in Abu Dhabi also worsens, nearly 11,000 residential units are expected to come in market soon, this may cause a fall of 14% in rents when comparing to last year. In 2010, Abu Dhabi invested a huge amount of nearly 140 billion of USD in real estate and infrastructure development.During the peak time of real estate business during 2007 -2008, they were simply watching the projects of other emirates, especially Dubai and Ras Al Khaimah. This make made a lack of supply till last quarter of 2010 which provides a better rental when comparing Dubai. They got enough time for better planning by applying lessons learnt from Dubai’s experience. In Abu Dhabi, supply shortage is clearer in till 2011, huge supply increase in property units do not match with cumulative demand, expects till 2013. But in Luxury real estate sector and hotel sector there is issue of oversupply.One and two bedroom apartments still enjoy the highest demand. In general, there are not much serious issues regarding supply side of UAE real estate sector. Supply largely related to population growth, price obtainable for the property and its relative value of properties in real estate market. Changes in population commonly related to employment opportunities, increase or decrease in population will influence the real estate values. UAE expects drastic increase in employment and tourism sector in coming years and also encourage future investments in different sectors. Demand largely related consumer’s current financial strength and taste.Demand also relates to population, which is crucial in terms of its size along with its age distribution, educational status, size of household etc. Oversupply in certain sectors will cause a reduction in prope rty value in coming years, but low and medium cost residential sector still stay as undersupplied. ELASTICITY OF UAE REAL ESTATE MARKET The responsiveness of supply and demand to change price as per market trends is referred as elasticity. In other words, this ratio represents percentage change in quantity demand in response to percentage change in price. The demand for a property is said to be inelastic when this value is less than ne. If this value greater than one, changes in price have a relatively large impact on quantity of demand. Revenue is maximized when elasticity value is exactly one. There are different factors which influence elasticity of properties like, availability of substitutes, percentage of customer income, necessity of property, duration etc. Every investor in UAE is looking for maximum profit from property market, elasticity provided by the property owners make UAE is the best place for the property business. In real estate sector, occupancy rate is 90% and st ill they are in shortage of supply.Before the economic recession, rent is too high to reach for middle class investors. In cities like Dubai and Abu Dhabi, still there are unoccupied residential and commercial real estate properties and so price elasticity will make conditions different. High occupancy rate is normally an indication of price elasticity. When supply meets almost all the demand from real estate market, elasticity will play an important role in determining property transactions and its values. Change of price will increase the demand, many families occupying in sharing villas may ready to take better occupation areas if the price become affordable.Availability of residential or commercial areas with fewer prices automatically makes the markets more elastic towards the price. REAL ESTATE BUSINESS – IMPACT ON UAE ECONOMY The economic studies conducted by various agencies showed the economic recovery in the country by gaining strength with the support of favorable global environment, but political uncertainty in some GCC countries really slowdown growth of real estate sector. UAE economy has recorded an overall study level of growth over last few years and the GDP has more than doubled from 387. 8 billion in 2004 to 934. 3 billion in 2008.Early stages of UAE economy is powered by revenue from oil, but in the recent years, the main driving force of economic growth is from non-oil sector, accounting for an average of 65% of GDP from 2004 to 2008. Real estate is among the important non-oil business sector in UAE which contribute an average of 8% towards the GDP. Abu Dhabi and Dubai are the emirates that contribute major share of GDP, Dubai is playing great role in the growth of non oil sectors, especially real estate market. The impact of real estate sector in UAE economy is high when considering to the last decade, the cities Abu Dhabi nd Dubai became business hubs in Middle East. Real estate sector is remain under pressure in the current econo my, contraction is expected as a further drop in property prices as new supply enters to the market along with lower demand and there by widening the supply – demand gap. This will increase in coming years with the completion of ongoing projects; will continue to weigh down the property prices and growth prospects. Abu Dhabi’s current strategy for boosting the housing supply also put additional pressure on real estate market.Anyway massive investment from government for infrastructure development projects will cause demand for construction and contracting services. Along with this boosting in employment opportunities will expected to provide a base for real estate economy to grow in future. The following table represents evolution of UAE Gross Domestic Product from year 2002 to 2009. Source: UAE National Bureau of statistics UAE REAL ESTATE BUSINESS – CLASSIFICATIONS For providing statistics more deeply, real estate market further divided in to Commercial and Re sidential sectors.Commercial real estate sector refers the property which specifically set aside for commercial purposes like industrial use, professional offices, farming etc. commercial property has to comply with certain standards and should be used solely for business purposes only. Residential real estate involves the sale and rental of land and houses to individuals or families for daily living. Both types involve transactions of huge amount and so many regulations are introduced for commercial and residential segments. Commercial real estate market further divided in to office market, retail market, hotel market etc. or providing analysis in further detailed. Residential real estate market Due to current world wide economic conditions and its manifestation, Dubai bought high uncertainty to the residential real estate market which drives down the prices. Residential market of Abu Dhabi and some other emirates are experiencing a shortage of supply, with insufficient homes or vi llas to meet requirement of current population. So sharing of villas and apartments is common here. In Abu Dhabi itself there is a shortage of 48,400 housing nits, the upcoming projects will be able to meet only around the half. The under supply for end users is particularly for lower and mid market brackets. The majority of upcoming projects also targets high class investors. Residential sales prices in UAE reached its peak in 2008, at this time rent also very high. Residential rents and selling price continue to decline due to a number of factors. More new supply will be available and as rents decline, many tenants are expected to be trade up from shared accommodations into single accommodation and thereby it keeps increase in demand.Rapid economic growth and employment opportunities results an unprecedented population boom, multi occupancy and sharing will of villas etc makes it possible to meet the requirement. House prices were fallen in last quarter of 2008 and now it slowly r etains an optimum pace. Economic growth, government support and mortgage lenders returning to the market etc are current driving forces of financial strength. The following graph represents the house price changes in UAE for the last three years. In the last quarter of 2010, residential price index rose slightly to 0. %, the total number of property transactions increased around 5%. Office market Currently there is a limited supply of office space in UAE, especially for multinational service sectors which require international standards. Still there is shortage of professionally managed office space, so office markets are operating in maximum occupancy rate and rents are relatively high when comparing to other developing countries. When begin a office, organizations will consider many concerns like road and transport facility, resource availability, infrastructure accessibility etc, so rents in areas within the city is very high.Medium range organization mostly prefer near areas of city to get the advantage of relatively less rent. More office space will be available when completing the ongoing projects which will help to stimulate market absorption rate in light of quality, tenants got opportunity to occupy higher quality office space at a lower cost. As a result poorer quality spaces forced to reduce their price. Large investment from government to set state owned enterprises and banks, currently most of such organization own the space rather than active in rental market.To widen the services of government agencies and enterprises new high quality office spaces should be created in various parts of the country. Foreign investment and multinational company involvement in different sectors like oil and gas, financial services, professional services etc largely influence the current trends in office market. According to the Global Office Market View from CB Richard Ellis (CBRE), UAE is an increasingly affordable and attractive destination for company offices, w ith growing stability within the emirates.The quality and standard of completed buildings and its affordable rent rate here become much more attractive. Retail market Retail market in real estate represents floor space available for participating in trades direct to customers. Retail market also faces shortage of international quality projects and so availability of floor space for retailers relative to demand is less. Increased spending of both UAE citizen expatriates and the existing below average per capita income provides a good atmosphere for retail market.The total retail supply in Abu Dhabi is approximately 1. 4 million square meter of GLA and it is important to note that most of this space is in non mall format, i. e. street shops. There is significant shortage of available retail space including high end street retail at present and the existing shopping malls are currently having high occupancy rate of nearly 95%. The demand for retail market is expected to increase in com ing years also, the emergence of more world class tourism points in UAE also support growth of retail sector.New retailers are offering new retail sales format and experience which will cause an increase in spending of money in retail market. In the growing economy of UAE, average rental rates almost unchanged in the main retail malls of Abu Dhabi emirates but continue to decline in Dubai. Hotel market Dubai is one of favorite tourist destination for people from Europe and other Asian countries. Abu Dhabi, Fujairah ad other emirates are also emerging as valuable tourism destinations in the country. Luxurious hospitality and high grade hotels are inevitable to retain in world tourism map.Supply of new hotel facilities are less in last few years after the recession, but it is almost meet the requirement from tourism sector. Occupancy rate has fallen and still continued to out perform when comparing to other market areas. Some tourism promotion events like Dubai Shopping Festival, Abu Dhabi F1 Grand Prix, Dubai Air Show, Abu Dhabi shopping festival etc cause some seasonal demand for hotel facilities. The continued expansion of national airline Etihad and Emirates has enabled growth of hotel markets in UAE.Almost half of the total quality hotel supply is managed by international management companies like Hilton, Starwood etc. Development of hospitality sector along with strengthening of corporate market and development of leisure segment is the main objective of UAE authority and so the upcoming projects will supply the requirements, to continue to increase hotel supply in next few years. Abu Dhabi is one of the strongest performing hotel markets in the last few years as the number of hotel visitors to the city has doubled in from 200 to 2009.In future, hotel market expects tremendous growth along with tourism sector. (Abu Dhabi real estate market forecasts, p19-35) UAE REAL ESTATE LAWS Foreign investors in UAE real estate market face several legal challenges both as to the nature of legal entity to use the properties as well as their ability to acquire free hold interests in real estate. UAE is the federation of seven emirates established in 1971; formulation of UAE federal law provides legal framework for the emirates.Federal government is entrusted with the task of formulating laws concerning and regulating principal and central aspects of federation including defense, security, public health, currency etc. federal laws are formulated for regulating labor and social services, real estate and its expropriation in the public interest, agriculture and animal wealth and so on. As per the constitutional principle adopted by UAE nation, local governments in different emirates are authorized to regulate common matters that are not confined to the federal government.Each of the seven emirates regulates their own affaires by exploring this provision. So, in real estate sector there is no federal property law for governing foreign ownership of real estate in UAE. Each emirates has their own regulations, Dubai is the only emirate currently allow freehold of real estate properties. Federal Law No. 5 of 1985 was issued Civil Transactions Law and Federal Law No. 11 of 1992 was issued Civil Procedures Law are the important real estate laws in UAE. Apart from this all the emirates issues their own amendments to protect investors, buyers etc. he civil transaction law later amended by Federal Law No. 1 of 1987 which exclude commercial transactions from being governed by and under the civil transaction law. Different articles of civil transaction law like Article 870, 871, 881 etc ensure the security and reliability of different real estate transactions among persons and banks. As per Civil Procedure code, agreements must be evidenced in writing and must be clearly defined. Different emirates made their own amendments for better regulation by using their provision for freely constitute laws.Law No. 7 of 2006 concerning real property r egistration in the emirate of Dubai is an example of such amendment. Law No. 7 of 1997 concerns the charges for registration of lands, local decree of 1960 concerns the formation of lands committee. Year 2006 amendment define real estate register and different types of rights to hold real estate properties based on clearly defined agreements. As per Article 4, real estate property shall be restricted to UAE and GCC nationals, subject Ruler’s approval and in specific areas, non nationals grand for freehold ownership.Some other important amendments in Dubai include Law No. 9 of 2009, Law No. 13 of 2008 etc. In 2010, a number of significant changes implemented in UAE real estate laws, to encourage investments and to face challenges from global economic crisis. Landlord and tenant law provide to ensure tenants automatic right for renewal and security of tenure which has existed for the first five years of occupation for both commercial and residential clients. The 5% annual rent increase cap has also been retained in Abu Dhabi to provide middle income affordable housing.Special consideration and laws were implemented in new investment areas like free zones to protect investor’s rights. Abu Dhabi also formulates framework and general laws for property rights within Abu Dhabi emirates to register property legally. CHALLENGES IN UAE REAL ESTATE SECTOR Rising cost of cement and raw materials is a real challenge in real estate sector. Production of cement in UAE is not enough for satisfy the demand; cement comes from outside the country also. The stabilized market and a looming price control intervention by authorities imply that price may not be high always.Real estate and construction industries are facing shortage of skilled labors for construction site. Due to low wages and heavy duty, many foreign labors leave from here, manpower requirement is high when considering the demand. Delays and cancellations of projects in UAE is a major supply side issue in UAE. Due to global economic crisis, many projects are cancelled due to investor’s feeling of insecurity in real estate business. Actually real estate markets are driven by supply, demand and finance. Mortgage rate is relatively high in UAE when comparing to international standards, especially in Dubai.In many cases, this is beyond affordability. UAE authorities are continuously monitoring to taking deals with these supply issues. (UAE real estate, Reaching New Heights- KFH research P13-14) SWOT ANALYSIS OF UAE REAL ESTATE SECTOR Source: KFH research FUTURE GROWTH – INFERENCES AND CRITICAL CATALYSTS In general, UAE is undersupplied in relation to the demand for residential, office and retail properties, hotel market almost balance the requirement. Due to high occupancy rate in cities like Abu Dhabi, rental and sales price still higher than the regional market.This has a negative impact on economy; there is significant loss of potential employment, spending and invest ment. The real estate industry has respond to ongoing shortage of quality products, new projects will solve the shortage in coming years. Years fro 2003 to 2008 is the peak of business, economic crisis caused a down turn in 2009 due to economic crisis. Due to this, major projects are cancelled or delayed, now the country retains its financial strength, significant level of new supply expected to enter in market within two years.Retail and hotel market expected to move into surplus situation within two years. The remarkable growth of UAE real estate sector is enhanced by a number of activities and improvements in basic infrastructure. Many factors will be catalytic force for commercial and residential real estate markets in future. Some of them are Growing employment and population base: Due to the success of initiative from UAE authorities to increase Emirati population and to attract expatriates, UAE is now having relatively good labor pool and employment opportunities.Increase in population contributes to the development of economy and promote continuous growth of real estate demand. Promoting company start-up and growth: UAE government is taking new steps to develop new industries and work culture by introducing free zones and basic infrastructures. Achieving the rapid economic growth also requires substantial developments in to the regulatory framework. Regulatory reform: Emirates like Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, Ras- Al-Khaimah etc. still needs to establish a business and legal environment comparable to other developed countries.Transparent regulatory mechanism only can attract investors, especially in real estate sector where a huge amount of investment is required. Transparency: In this era of globalization, markets to be more open, transparency of different markets has emerged as a big concern for investors, occupiers and other real estate stakeholders. Marketing benefits from improved transparency tends to be those in which conducting business is easier. UAE need to improve transparency and openness further to keep inline with leading international markets.Land Registry: Land and property registry system is one of the key element that define transparent real estate market, improving operation of the system by providing public accessibility, improvements will stimulate the additional demand for real estate in the country. (Abu Dhabi real estate market forecasts, p36-37) ? CONCLUSION Real estate refers to residential new homes and existing ones, commercial shopping centers and offices, industrial manufacturing buildings and properties, undeveloped lands and farms etc. Real estate investments are largely influenced by the condition of the immediate area where the property is located.In UAE real estate sector was not much developed as a big business sector till early 90s. Revenue from oil was the main source of economic growth in early stage of the country; authority’s dedication enabled them to establish an industry based economy he re which helped a lot to develop a real estate market in UAE. Multinational companies found UAE as one of the important business location; they began their franchisees which improve opportunities in residential and commercial real estate market. Real estate market is distinct from other competitive markets, due to the differentiable characteristics and influencing factors.Current supply and demand for real estate properties largely influence the rental and selling price. Residential, office and retail real estate properties still face shortage especially in cities, hotel market currently balance the demand and supply. Elasticity measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded of property goods against change in its price. This is influenced by customer’s income, availability of alternatives, necessity for the property and so on. Real estate business sector has a remarkable contribution towards UAE economy, nearly 8% of the GDP of the nation is from real estate sector.Because of the global economic crisis, real estate sector also under pressure when it badly affect on business and employment opportunities. Many huge projects were cancelled or delayed due to insecurity feel from investors at the time of recession. But UAE has almost recovered from the impact and now real estate market also expects booming in coming years. Factors like growing employment and population base, promoting company start-up and growth, regulatory reform, transparency etc will act as catalysts for future growth of real estate sector. ? REFERENCES Dr. Eisa Abdelgalil, Badar Aldeen Bakheet, Dubai Real Estate Sector – Monitor Series (2007) [online] www. arabruleoflaw. org/compendium/Files/UAE/92. pdf [accessed on 22/11/2011] †¢UAE Economic Brief and Outlook 2011 , KAMCO Research (April 2011) http://www. menafn. com/updates/research_center/UAE/Economic/kamco130411. pdf [accessed on 22/11/2011] †¢Dubai Property Market Overview (Feb 2009), [online] www. cluttons. com [accessed on 23/11/2011] †¢Jones Lang, LaSalle, UAE Retail Market Overview (November 2010) [online] http://www. dsg. ae/LinkClick. aspx? ileticket=KIYUb_RYXlA%3D&tabid=222 [accessed on 23/11/2011] †¢UAE Real Estate Reaching the New Heights, KFH research LTD (September 2008) [online]http://www. liquidityhouse. com/upload/UAE_Real_Estate_-_12_Sep_08 _1443. pdf [accessed on 24/11/2011] †¢Dubai Investment News (28/03/2011), UAE office market is attractive and affordable http://www. thefirstgroup. com/dubai-property-investment-news/article. php? id=800478265 [accessed on 24/11/2011] †¢UAE Real Estate Sector – Global Research (June 2011) [online] http://www. globalinv. net/research/UAE-RealEstate-062011. pdf [accessed on 24/11/2011]

Critique of Angelas Ashes essays

Critique of Angela's Ashes essays It is a frequent view that times for the Irish majority in the 1930s and 40s were very hard. Especially for the Irish Catholic families with the stereotypical drunken father, emotionally ruined mother, kids running around her with her a sore back from the next child to be born. In Angelas Ashes, Frank McCourt examines his childhood experiences, the tragedies, hardships, and learning involved with growing up. One of the most interesting aspects of the writing in Angelas Ashes is how the text is written, from McCourts interpretation of the situation at his age that he was at the time, the spelling and grammar also indicate that the child is writing, not the adult. This contributes greatly to the emotions and enjoyment evoked from reading the book. It also better describes how a child actually sees the things that are going on around them, and what they may be thinking. Personally, sometimes it has made me think for a while about how I interpreted things I saw when I was that age, and the fun I had being a kid. McCourt describes his brothers and sister, even the ones that died, and how much he enjoyed growing up with them, how they cared and loved for each other. Because of the appalling quarters they lived in and the lack of money and food there was terminal illnesses in the family, which proved fatal to some of his siblings. McCourt in his childlike writing style describes how his siblings and he, interpret whats happened and how they see their parents reacting. McCourt also analyzes how his young brother Malachy looks up to him, and how much he takes Malachy under his wing and takes care of him. Parenting is said to be one of the hardest tasks out there today, especially sole parenting. McCourt carefully examines his mother, how she copes with her drunken husband, how her cousins who married gentlemen are constantly trying to run her life, and how she acts as a woman. His father, The...

God Part II essays

God Part II essays Today's society is contradictory. Society says that things like drugs, violence, and wealth are bad yet it promotes them anyway. It claims to do or believe in certain things, while it is doing the opposite. In the song "God Part II" by U2, society's hypocrisy is displayed. U2 expresses their opinions on what society says, and what it actually does when it comes to violence, wealth, and drugs. The society of today is against violence, yet everyday people are murdered. A lyric from the song states, "Don't believe in the Uzi, it just went off in my hand" ("God Part II"). Society says that violence is bad, however it goes to war with other countries and kill thousands of people. In the song "God Part II", U2 gives an example of how society always has an excuse when it participates in what it says is bad. Society says killing is wrong; however abortion is legal and the U.S. uses capital punishment. Regarding abortion, society uses the excuse that everyone has a right to decide to give birth, and that the baby is not alive yet. Our society contradicts its views on violence by participating in what it claims to be against. Society pretends to be generous with its money, yet it spends its money on extravagant extras such as luxury cars, expensive clothes and jewelry for itself. A lyric from the song God Part II by U2 says "Don't believe in riches, but you should see where I live" ("God Part II"). U2 uses this as an example of how society pretends not to care about or idolize the money that it devotes its live to earning. People talk about all the organizations they donate to; however, they buy expensive cars and houses that they do not need. Meanwhile, they are talking about how unimportant material things are to them, saying they "don't believe in excess" ("God Part II"). Today's society pretends it does not believe in excess. In reality, they would not be able to live their extravagant lifestyles without it. ...

About the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ)

About the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) The United States Department of Justice (DOJ), also known as the Justice Department, is a Cabinet-level department in the executive branch of the U.S. federal government. The Justice Department is responsible for enforcing the laws enacted by Congress, administration of the U.S. justice system, and ensuring that the civil and constitutional rights of all Americans are upheld. The DOJ was established in 1870, during the administration of President Ulysses S. Grant, and spent its early years prosecuting members of the Ku Klux Klan. The DOJ oversees the activities of multiple federal law enforcement agencies including the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). The DOJ represents and defends the U.S. government’s position in legal proceedings, including cases heard by the Supreme Court. The DOJ also investigates cases of financial fraud, administers the federal prison system, and reviews the actions of local law enforcement agencies according to the provisions of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994. In addition, the DOJ oversees the actions of the 93 U.S. Attorneys who represent the federal government in courtrooms nationwide. Organization and History The Department of Justice is headed by the United States Attorney General, who is nominated by the President of the United States and must be confirmed by a majority vote of the U.S. Senate. The Attorney General is a member of the President’s Cabinet. At first, a one-person, part-time job, the position of Attorney General was established by the Judiciary Act of 1789. At the time, the duties of the Attorney General were limited to providing legal advice to the president and Congress. Until 1853, the Attorney General, as a part-time employee, was paid substantially less than the other Cabinet members. As a result, those early Attorneys General typically supplemented their salary by continuing to conduct their own private law practices, often representing paying clients before state and local courts in both civil and criminal cases. In 1830 and again in 1846, various members of Congress tried to make the Attorney Generals Office a full-time position. Finally, in 1869, Congress considered and passed a bill creating a Department of Justice to be headed by a full-time Attorney General. President Grant signed the bill into law on June 22, 1870, and the Department of Justice officially began operations on July 1, 1870. Appointed by President Grant, Amos T. Akerman served as America’s first Attorney General and used his position to vigorously pursue and prosecute Ku Klux Klan members. During President Grants first term alone, the Justice Department had issued indictments against Klan members, with over 550 convictions. In 1871, those numbers increased to 3,000 indictments and 600 convictions. The 1869 law that created the Department of Justice also increased the Attorney Generals responsibilities to include the supervision of all United States Attorneys, the prosecution of all federal crimes, and the exclusive representation of the United States in all court actions. The law also permanently barred the federal government from using private lawyers and created the office of Solicitor General to represent the government before the Supreme Court. In 1884, control of the federal prison system was transferred to the Justice Department from the Department of the Interior. In 1887, enactment of the Interstate Commerce Act gave the Justice Department responsibility for some law enforcement functions. In 1933, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued an executive order giving the Justice Department responsibility for defending the United States against claims and demands filed against the government. Mission Statement The mission of the Attorney General and the U.S. Attorneys is: â€Å"To enforce the law and defend the interests of the United States according to the law; to ensure public safety against threats foreign and domestic; to provide federal leadership in preventing and controlling crime; to seek just punishment for those guilty of unlawful behavior; and to ensure fair and impartial administration of justice for all Americans.†

The Impact of Lobbying on Standard Setting in Accounting Essay - 1

The Impact of Lobbying on Standard Setting in Accounting - Essay Example Since these standards must be complied, under the pain of â€Å"penalties† or consequences, companies or entities subject to it are necessarily interested on how should the guidelines or rules of action be made. Standards just like any other laws could be favorable to one person or group but may be unfavorable to another person or group. Standard setting therefore implies a balancing act in terms of its effect among different interested individuals or groups. 2.1.1 What the institutions are involved in standard setting in accounting? Two institutions must come together to have the accounting standards set or financial reporting standards accomplish the latter’s purpose. These are the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). SEC was established was created first in 1934 by the U.S. Congress while FASB’s creation followed in 1973. While SEC is basically an independent regulatory agency which should afford or allow investors information or facts about their investment before buying and while holding the same (Securities and Exchange Commission, 2011. , FASB is an independent, private and not-for-profit organization and recognized authoritative by the SEC (Financial Accounting Standards Board, n.d.). While the first is a government agency which implements laws enacted by congress and the second a private and non-profit organization, both must be independent.

Groupon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Groupon - Essay Example The company makes profit by retaining utmost half the money paid by customers for subscribing to coupons. For instance, a $50 message can be bought by an individual for only $25, if purchased through Groupon. Then the $25 would be split between the retailer and Groupon as per their initial terms of contract. Each day, the subscribers of Groupon receive daily deals from a variety of local businesses including spa, home paints, restaurant, and so on. From the above discussion it can be said that if the minimum number of subscribers does not sign up for daily offers, the subscribers are not given discounts. E-Marketing Analysis The e-marketing strategy of the company helped to grow its revenue in one year and become one of the fastest growing companies. According to the business model of the company, the users get to avail discounts only when certain number of subscribers signs up for a deal. Such a strategy adopted by the company helps the existing subscribers to spread the message to their family, friends, followers, and hence encourage others to follow the suit. This e-marketing strategy helps the company to introduce themselves to new potential customers (Chaffey, 2008, pp.336). The company’s marketing and promotion strategy enables subscribers to share their experience on social media. This helps the company to spread the daily deals reach out to as many customers as possible. The company also offers group deals which add value to daily deals package because a customer who has never used the products of Groupon gets to avail attractive discounts. The process spreads through referrals helping the company to spread products to larger segment. In addition, the company sends daily emails to their...The company also motivates its customers through social networking. The web design of the company’s portal uses a countdown timer clock and a tracker of number of deals signed by customers. Such interface helps the customers to spread the deals online to their friends and family. The company’s e-Business strategy also helps to reduce the cost of advertising and add value to the business by encouraging potential customers turn into repeat customers. The company also sends frequent emails to subscribers for daily deals and best offers. The company’s marketing and promotion strategy enables subscribers to share their experience on social media. This in turn motivates the subscribers to spread the daily deals reach out to as many customers as possible. Recommendation The e-marketing strategy of the company helped to grow its revenue in one year and become one of the fastest growing companies. According to the business model of the company, the users get to avail discounts only when certain number of subscribers signs up for a deal. Such interface helps the customers to spread the deals online to their friends and family. Recent studies have also shown that Groupon subscribers are favouring Groupon mobile applications over traditional desktop internet. The company should invest more in mobile commerce technology. It will help the company to reach younger generations more easily and also increase revenue.

Syphilis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Syphilis - Essay Example ents by drafting recommendations on how to suppress the disease, arrange workshops and seminars for educating the locals, and administer public health standards in the state. In the state, the disease rates have been on the rise from the year 2005 to 2009. In 2005, the disease rate was at about 4.3 while in 2009, it was at 6.9 (Ohio Department of Health, 2011). In 2005, Franklin county had the uppermost rate of the infectivity while in Pickaway county the rate was at 22.3 (Ohio Department of Health, 2011). Franklin County, however, has recorded the highest number of case counts over the years with the year 2008 having the highest number. Conversely, Wyandot County did not have any cases of the disease recorded in the five years. This information is particularly important to a community health nurse, as they will strive to address the disease and get better quality health services especially in counties with a high-disease rate. He/she will be proficient to educate the public on syphilis control and avoidance procedures, while performing wellbeing support activities. The nurse should be capable of telling the patient what they are suffering from and shoul d maintain confidentiality on the health of the patient and make sure that the patient has access to proper medication. According to division 3701.47, these analysis must not to be charged, and will be completed at an authorized laboratory. In case the patient wants to comprehend the ailment, the nurse should be clever enough to explain to him/her to make a proper choice on whether they want treatment. The patient though must not reject treatment or whichever form of hospitalization

Alternative Beverages Industry Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Alternative Beverages Industry - Case Study Example People who associate with strenuous activities and sports are inclined to purchasing sports drinks, which are said to help them reenergize and enhance their capability to participate in their respective activities. The ‘mature’ or adult consumers have the vitamin-enhanced beverages, which are said to boost their health as they help them supply the body with vitamins. Energy drinks’ and readymade teas’ target the teenagers, as they seem to assist improve their concentration. In the alternative beverages industry, Pepsi faces stiff competition from its rival company, Coca Cola, and other players with a smaller market share. These include Monster Beverage and Red Bull, which are companies that developed unique brands and advertised them well to earn a fair share of the market (Esterl, 2013). Alternative Beverage Market in the U.S The economic recession back in 2008 dealt a heavy blow to the alternative beverages market. Though there were many opportunities for key players in the alternative beverages segment, demand for the highly priced commodities decreased due to the poor economy. In between 2008 and 2009, sports drinks’ sales declined by thirteen percent and the sale of vitamin-enhanced drinks declined by twelve percent. In 2009, sixty percent sales of alternative beverages were made from sports drinks, followed by sales of energy drinks at twenty-three percent and finally vitamin-enriched drinks, which accounted for eighteen percent. 2008 and 2009 were slow years for the alternative beverages industry in the United States as they did not experience growth but market forecast experts predicted a six percent growth by 2015 (Harder, 2013). Organizations lobbying for health diets attributed conditions such as obesity and diseases like diabetes to the overconsumption of carbonated soft drinks. This has influenced many Americans to consume healthy food thus shying from carbonated soft drinks and moving to alternative beverages. Thi s trend saw companies such as Pepsi create several brands of alternative beverages and this helped cushion the company from dropping sales of carbonated soft drinks (Datamonitor, 2007). Global Alternative Beverage Market In 2005, the alternative beverage market experienced growth that resulted to a value increase of twenty seven billion dollars. In 2009, the industry’s value increased to reach a global value of forty billion dollars and the experts projected a fifteen billion dollar increase by 2014. Consumer preferences had changed due to emphasis on healthy diets thus reducing the market share of carbonated soft drinks, which held forty-eight percent of the market. Data shows that consumers preferred alternative beverages to carbonated soft drinks, which translated to a two percent decline for the latter in 2009. From 2005 to 2009, the global market value of alternative beverages had grown by nine percent and forecasts targeted a nine percent growth by 2014. The United Stat es held a forty-two percent market-share of the alternative beverages, followed by Asia with a thirty one percent and finally Europe with twenty three percent (Harder, 2013). Five Forces Model Firms in other industries offering substitute products There are many companies offering alternative beverages besides PepsiCo. These are Coca Cola, Monster beverages, Red Bull and other smaller players. With all these competitors and their substitute alternative bever

Teaching Literacy in Reception Classes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Teaching Literacy in Reception Classes - Essay Example This essay stresses that the students who are coming from different nations around the world meet a challenge of dealing with the difficulty of living and getting used to a the living that is accustomed for the foreign land that they ought to fit into. In this paper, a comprehensive set of lessons shall be discussed that would be directly applicable to any subject in general. The applicability of the said lessons is attested by the fact that in dealing with multicultural classes, there is a certain need of having a variety of approaches as to how the subjects are presented. This paper directly refers to multiculturalism as an agent of interest among students in a certain class. As per mentioned herein, it could be noted that the lessons that are suggested for implementation in this paper are mainly focused in enhancing the respect that students have towards each other’s culture. There have also been other suggestions addressed to the instructors as to how they are supposed to deliver the lessons for better results for the class. Through the usage and application of the suggested aids and attitudes towards the subject or lesson implementation, it could be noted that the technological innovations would be much helpful in creating an environment that would be susceptible for everyone to understand the main reasons of the lesson implication. In an overall view, it could be observed that the entire paper gives a high regard for creating a peaceful environment for learning within a class that is composed of multicultural students.

Critically analyse inclusion policy and practice designed to widen Essay

Critically analyse inclusion policy and practice designed to widen participation for dyslexic learners - Essay Example This has unfortunately resulted in their academic underachievement. However when the needs of these dyslexic students are identified, it is possible to have teaching mechanisms that should result to appropriate learning outcomes. These special needs should be reflected in the school curriculum, whereby the strengths of dyslexic students are enhanced (Riddell, Tinklin and Wilson, 2005). There have been a few improvements in the education system as stakeholders look for ways of ensuring that the education offered at the primary and secondary level is all-inclusive. The inclusion policy is one of the steps that the academic community is embracing in order to ensue that the needs of dyslexic students are all met. Inclusion in this case refers to the approach of offering education to students who have some form or the other of special academic needs. Inclusion policy Inclusion in education is a never ending process. In most cases inclusion policies in the academic world are designed to wi den participation for students with special learning needs, including those with dyslexia. In this learning approach, dyslexic and other disabled students spend much of their time in the midst of non-disabled students (Booth, Nes and Stromstad, 2003). In some classroom situations, dyslexic students are given more teacher-to-pupil time so that they can fully understand all the concepts that other have already understood. This means that dyslexic students are offered special attention so that they can fully understand what the others have learnt in class. Teachers, who have dyslexic students in their classes, normally encourage the other students to support those students that have dyslexic problems. The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 states clearly that everyone is entitled to equal treatment, and this applies to dyslexic students as well (Mackay, 2006). By encouraging equal academic development of dyslexic students, educators are giving this group of people a chance to enjoy the same opportunities that are available to other students. Education legislation requires that the school curriculum be designed to aim at the provision of opportunities for all students to learn and also to achieve. This means that the curriculum’s main goal should be to provide a holistic and inclusive education so that everyone can gain from the learning process. All students should be able to access equal opportunities, experiences and responsibilities through the knowledge and skills gained in the classroom. Inclusicive policy and practice for students who suffer from dyslexia should involve the effort of not only the teachers, but also the students’ parents. Dyslexic students can cope better with their situations when they know that they have their parents’ support (Reid, 2006). Success and Impact of Inclusive Learning Inclusive learning enables educators to meet their teaching objectives fully. They are able to how different learners, including those with dyslexia, learn differently. This gives the teachers a chance to know the needs of different students. They can then use this information to design learning methods that they can use effectively for every one of their students so that not one of them underachieves in their academic work. Inclusive learning has made it possible for dyslexic students to be at par with their fellow students. This is because inclusive learning gives the dyslexic student

Alternative Beverages Industry Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Alternative Beverages Industry - Case Study Example People who associate with strenuous activities and sports are inclined to purchasing sports drinks, which are said to help them reenergize and enhance their capability to participate in their respective activities. The ‘mature’ or adult consumers have the vitamin-enhanced beverages, which are said to boost their health as they help them supply the body with vitamins. Energy drinks’ and readymade teas’ target the teenagers, as they seem to assist improve their concentration. In the alternative beverages industry, Pepsi faces stiff competition from its rival company, Coca Cola, and other players with a smaller market share. These include Monster Beverage and Red Bull, which are companies that developed unique brands and advertised them well to earn a fair share of the market (Esterl, 2013). Alternative Beverage Market in the U.S The economic recession back in 2008 dealt a heavy blow to the alternative beverages market. Though there were many opportunities for key players in the alternative beverages segment, demand for the highly priced commodities decreased due to the poor economy. In between 2008 and 2009, sports drinks’ sales declined by thirteen percent and the sale of vitamin-enhanced drinks declined by twelve percent. In 2009, sixty percent sales of alternative beverages were made from sports drinks, followed by sales of energy drinks at twenty-three percent and finally vitamin-enriched drinks, which accounted for eighteen percent. 2008 and 2009 were slow years for the alternative beverages industry in the United States as they did not experience growth but market forecast experts predicted a six percent growth by 2015 (Harder, 2013). Organizations lobbying for health diets attributed conditions such as obesity and diseases like diabetes to the overconsumption of carbonated soft drinks. This has influenced many Americans to consume healthy food thus shying from carbonated soft drinks and moving to alternative beverages. Thi s trend saw companies such as Pepsi create several brands of alternative beverages and this helped cushion the company from dropping sales of carbonated soft drinks (Datamonitor, 2007). Global Alternative Beverage Market In 2005, the alternative beverage market experienced growth that resulted to a value increase of twenty seven billion dollars. In 2009, the industry’s value increased to reach a global value of forty billion dollars and the experts projected a fifteen billion dollar increase by 2014. Consumer preferences had changed due to emphasis on healthy diets thus reducing the market share of carbonated soft drinks, which held forty-eight percent of the market. Data shows that consumers preferred alternative beverages to carbonated soft drinks, which translated to a two percent decline for the latter in 2009. From 2005 to 2009, the global market value of alternative beverages had grown by nine percent and forecasts targeted a nine percent growth by 2014. The United Stat es held a forty-two percent market-share of the alternative beverages, followed by Asia with a thirty one percent and finally Europe with twenty three percent (Harder, 2013). Five Forces Model Firms in other industries offering substitute products There are many companies offering alternative beverages besides PepsiCo. These are Coca Cola, Monster beverages, Red Bull and other smaller players. With all these competitors and their substitute alternative bever

Critically analyse inclusion policy and practice designed to widen Essay

Critically analyse inclusion policy and practice designed to widen participation for dyslexic learners - Essay Example This has unfortunately resulted in their academic underachievement. However when the needs of these dyslexic students are identified, it is possible to have teaching mechanisms that should result to appropriate learning outcomes. These special needs should be reflected in the school curriculum, whereby the strengths of dyslexic students are enhanced (Riddell, Tinklin and Wilson, 2005). There have been a few improvements in the education system as stakeholders look for ways of ensuring that the education offered at the primary and secondary level is all-inclusive. The inclusion policy is one of the steps that the academic community is embracing in order to ensue that the needs of dyslexic students are all met. Inclusion in this case refers to the approach of offering education to students who have some form or the other of special academic needs. Inclusion policy Inclusion in education is a never ending process. In most cases inclusion policies in the academic world are designed to wi den participation for students with special learning needs, including those with dyslexia. In this learning approach, dyslexic and other disabled students spend much of their time in the midst of non-disabled students (Booth, Nes and Stromstad, 2003). In some classroom situations, dyslexic students are given more teacher-to-pupil time so that they can fully understand all the concepts that other have already understood. This means that dyslexic students are offered special attention so that they can fully understand what the others have learnt in class. Teachers, who have dyslexic students in their classes, normally encourage the other students to support those students that have dyslexic problems. The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 states clearly that everyone is entitled to equal treatment, and this applies to dyslexic students as well (Mackay, 2006). By encouraging equal academic development of dyslexic students, educators are giving this group of people a chance to enjoy the same opportunities that are available to other students. Education legislation requires that the school curriculum be designed to aim at the provision of opportunities for all students to learn and also to achieve. This means that the curriculum’s main goal should be to provide a holistic and inclusive education so that everyone can gain from the learning process. All students should be able to access equal opportunities, experiences and responsibilities through the knowledge and skills gained in the classroom. Inclusicive policy and practice for students who suffer from dyslexia should involve the effort of not only the teachers, but also the students’ parents. Dyslexic students can cope better with their situations when they know that they have their parents’ support (Reid, 2006). Success and Impact of Inclusive Learning Inclusive learning enables educators to meet their teaching objectives fully. They are able to how different learners, including those with dyslexia, learn differently. This gives the teachers a chance to know the needs of different students. They can then use this information to design learning methods that they can use effectively for every one of their students so that not one of them underachieves in their academic work. Inclusive learning has made it possible for dyslexic students to be at par with their fellow students. This is because inclusive learning gives the dyslexic student

Problems of Teen Pregnancy Essay Example for Free

Problems of Teen Pregnancy Essay Teenage pregnancy is simply defined teenage girl who became pregnant at an early age. The term connotes that the girl has not reach the legal adulthood before conceiving. Like United States, our country, Philippines also facing this kind of problem. Our government discusses how to prevent and low down the rate of pregnancy especially in the teenagers. Most cases of teenage pregnancies are observed in the lower economic strata of society where there is a lack of knowledge, awareness and facility to address the problem of unintended pregnancy. Teenage pregnancy is often associated with an increase rate of delinquent behaviors including alcohol and substance abuse. An absentee parent can create insecurities in children, and depending on the parent’s role in the child’s life, can make some children more prone to crime and other emotional issues. Causes of teen pregnancy and tips to surpass it Family problem affects the thinking ability of a teenager. It makes them to create decisions that they think it’s good for them, they ask advices to their friends than their families. This is also the time that teens are starting to learn to drink alcohol and use prohibited drugs to satisfy their selves and to forget the problems between his/her family. One thing that the teens think can help them to get away from their family is to get pregnant. They act so reckless yet after getting pregnant they’ll come to their parents for the financial support for the baby. If the family problem doesn’t stop that early this will be the reason for the adolescent to pursue their plan in getting pregnant. Their mind is really sober and can’t think well, one of the family members should talk to their family member that is involved on the specific circumstances. Parents have the most important role in the life of a teenager. They are the ones that adolescents look up too whenever they have problems. They must be responsible for the safety and wellbeing of their children. Try to be more supportive than to criticize them. Try to discuss with them some certain issues to reach an outcome that you and your teenager can both accept. Make conversation with them over breakfast and dinner, having heart to heart talk with will help to enlighten their minds and they can think clearly. One factor that leads teen girls to become pregnant is peer pressure. Many teens sexualize themselves or engage in behavior for which they are not yet ready because they want to fit in or be popular. Peer pressure to engage in sexual activity is so common, a variety of terms refer to the behavior, such as hooking up, booty calls or referring to someone as a friend with benefits. If you’re a parent, consider the impact that peer pressure could have on her decisions, and the potential ramifications of this impact. Any teen succumb to pressure to have sex. All teens have sexual urges especially boys, they engage in sex before they are ready. Popular teens are also vulnerable. Some of the typical peer pressures that teenagers face are drugs, smoking, alcohol, sex and dangerous driving. If their friends value having sex, then they are likely to have sex, too. Many times these teens let their friends influence their decision to have sex even when they do not fully understand the consequences associated with the act. Still others find it easier to give in and have sex than to try to explain why not. Some teenagers get caught up in the romantic feelings and believe having sex is the best way they can prove their love. Most teenagers experience sudden and hitherto unknown emotions and feelings during their early puberty. They feel a natural sense of rebelling against the set norms as well. All this, coupled with a sudden sense of new-found freedom and sexuality, results in many of them giving vent to their feelings through sexual expressions and experiences. The only way they could probably achieve that would be by having a boyfriend or girlfriend or at least by dating and indulging in sexual acts often. This kind of rash behavior could lead to unintended pregnancies. When you feel threaten and pressure, you must stop and ignore them. These people will bring the worst out of you. Find a substitute and affirming friend, it’s good to have friends who can affirm you. Develop a sense of humor; crack a joke and everyone’s going to admire you. Be prepared, make a plan and be prepared for the times you’ll face peer pressure. Most teens do not want to become pregnant; they are still becoming so as a result of sexual activity. While actual force to have sex is rare, many teenage girls (especially those under the age of 15) feel pressured to have sex. Rape does happen and is one of the reasons that teen pregnancies occur. Rape by boyfriends, family members and even strangers can result in teen pregnancy. 50 60% of teens were molested prior to their first pregnancy, 50% of perpetrators were family members. To avoid rape, avoid walking alone as much as possible. Be mentally prepared. Always carry pepper spray and learn self defense. Ways of Preventing Teen Parenthood Teenage pregnancy is a rather frightening reality that can change your life in an instant. The good news is that teenage pregnancy is avoidable: By not having sex, you never risk getting pregnant. If you do decide to have sex, its best to stay informed about what you can do to avoid unwanted pregnancy. Abstinence is the only form of birth control that is 100% effective in preventing pregnancy. Abstinence also protects people form STDs. This way helps teenagers to refrain from getting pregnant. Also prevents pregnancy by keeping the sperm out of the vagina. For us, abstinence is the safest way of preventing pregnancy. It has many benefits, it has no medical and hormonal side effects and it is free. Teenagers can used this method to focus on school, career and family. Any woman or man can abstain from sex play. Many do so at various times in their lives. Teen girls are more likely to get pregnant if they have limited or no guidance from their parents. Many parents have busy lives that prevent them from providing the guidance and support that their young teenagers need to make good decisions on issues such as sex. If you’re a parent, talking to your children will have a big effect on them especially when you’re talking about intercourse. Communicating with your children about sex, love, and relationships is often more successful when you are clear in your own mind about these issues. Start the conversation, and make sure that it is honest, open, and respectful. Many inexpensive books and videos are available to help with any detailed information you might need, but don’t let your lack of technical information make you shy. If you’re a teenager, ask advices to the people you trust. Let them clarify issues about pregnancy and sex. Don’t be shy asking your parents about it. Being open to them will keep you away from the risk of getting pregnant. The effectiveness of birth control methods is critically important for reducing the risk of unintended pregnancy. Effectiveness can be measured during â€Å"perfect use,† when the method is used correctly and consistently as directed, or during â€Å"typical use,† which is how effective the method is during actual use (including inconsistent and incorrect use). Using contraceptives helps those to refrain to avoid pregnancy also some contraceptives are good for health. You can use injectable progestin; this method is extremely effective since all thats required of a woman is to return to her health care provider for a shot every three months. Males can use male condoms; these are thin tube made of latex. This is the best contraception to avoid having STDs. Psychological Effect of Teen Pregnancy Its common for pregnant teens to feel a range of emotions, such as fear, anger, guilt, confusion, and sadness. It may take a while to adjust to the fact that youre going to have a baby. Its a huge change, and its natural for pregnant teens to wonder whether theyre ready to handle the responsibilities that come with being a parent. A. Emotional Effect 1. Initial Excitement Some teenagers are excited to bear a child, especially when it is their first pregnancy. They are excited to see their baby. Others are excited to buy clothes and other things for the baby. They think of names for the baby. 2. Confuse Some are confused and at a loss on what to do. They are too young and many have no idea about bearing a child. 3. Afraid Some are scared. They think of questions like, â€Å"How should I tell my parents? † â€Å"How will I face my classmates? † or â€Å"What is the best thing to do to solve this problem? † They are afraid to answer these questions. They feel scared on what will be the reactions of their parents. 4. Frustrated Pregnant teenagers will realize that they are not yet ready to bear a child when it’s already late. 5. Hopelessness Low self-esteem increases vulnerability and decreases her ability to refuse to go along with risky sexual behaviors. 6. Denial – Some teenagers just neglect and abandoning her/his baby. 7. Worries about the future – Several uncertainties may arise. She may start worrying how would she dealing with the baby herself. 8. Mood Swings Its very common to have mood swings during pregnancy. Some girls may also experience depression during pregnancy or after delivery. B. Mental Effect of Early Pregnancy 1. Depression It is common among pregnant teenager who is desperate to solve their problems. Some teenagers try to solve their problem by abortion and suicide. Abortion, it is the removal of a fetus from the mother’s womb. Abortion is illegal. About 300,000 to 500,000 women undergo abortion every year. Article 256, 258 and 259 in the Revised Penal Code of the Philippine penalize women who undergo abortion and others who help her with imprisonment. Some teenager, however, think that abortion is a way to solve their problem. Medical Risk A woman of any age is pregnant and unaware of it is likely not to get the nutrition she needs to sustain both herself and her unborn child. Part of what boosts the rate of mortalities in teen births is that, worldwide, teens have a higher rate of premature birth and low birth-weight babies. Many researchers believe that this is due to a lack of adequate prenatal care, either because teen mothers are too scared or lack the financial resources to seek out medical help. Many wait until the third trimester to see a doctor, which raises levels of anemia and nutritional deficiencies in young mothers. Because of this lack of early care, children of teen mothers are more likely to suffer from health issues and to be hospitalized within their first year of life. Prematurity plays the greatest role in low birth weight, but intrauterine growth retardation (inadequate growth of the fetus during pregnancy) is also a factors. The younger a mother is below age 20, the greater the risk of her infant dying during the first year of life. It is very important for pregnant teens to have early and adequate prenatal care. Factors can be divided into maternal and fetal. Maternal factors include age (younger than age 15, older than age 35); weight (pre-pregnancy weight under 100 lb or obesity); height (under five feet); history of complications during previous pregnancies (including stillbirth, fetal loss, preterm labor and/or delivery, small-for-gestational age baby, large baby, pre-eclampsia or eclampsia); more than five previous pregnancies; bleeding during the third trimester; abnormalities of the reproductive tract; uterine fibroids; hypertension. Premature may have problems with his or her vision, digestion, and respiratory. Children born to teenage mothers are less likely to receive proper nutrition, health care, and cognitive and social stimulation. As a result, they are at risk for lower academic achievement. Teens are more at risk for certain problems during pregnancy, such as anemia, high blood pressure, and giving birth earlier than usual (called premature delivery). Clinic-focused programs provide easier access to information, counseling by health care providers, and contraceptive services. Many of these programs are offered through school-based clinics. See a doctor as soon as possible after you’ve found out that you are pregnant to begin prenatal care. Take vitamin supplements that are recommended by your doctor to support you and your baby’s health. Avoid the intakes of drugs and alcohol during pregnancy. Using illegal drugs such as cocaine or marijuana during pregnancy can cause miscarriage, prematurity, and other medical problems. Babies can also be born addicted to certain drugs. Socioeconomic Problems Throughout the developed world, teenage pregnancy is more common among young people who have been disadvantaged in childhood and have low expectations of education or the job market. Socio-economic circumstances seem to play a major role in rates of teen pregnancy. There may be a growing â€Å"lost generation† of young people who see no reason not to get pregnant. Teens coming from poor economic status and single parents are more likely to participate in risky sexual behaviors. For some disadvantaged youth, particularly for girls whose self esteem tends to drop as they mature, sexuality may be all they have to value. Children of teenage parents are more likely to have problems and to eventually become teenage parents themselves, thus perpetuating the cycle of poverty begun by a teenage birth. It is widely acknowledged that health and social status are intimately related such that individuals in higher social classes are healthier and live longer than those in lower classes. This is true regardless of whether income, education or another socioeconomic indicator is used and regardless of the health outcome used. Teen mothers are less likely to complete the education necessary to qualify for a well-paying job —only 38 percent of mothers who have children before age 18 obtain a high school diploma. This disparity in education, not surprisingly, tends to affect income level. Teenage mothers and fathers tend to have less education and are more likely to live in poverty than their peers who are not teen parents. Babies born to teen mothers are more likely to have health problems at birth, do poorly in school, do time in jail and also become teen parents. Teen pregnancy is the leading cause of females dropping out of high school. Furthermore, less than 2 percent of teen mothers attain a college degree by age 30. Because of their lower education status, teen mothers on average earn lower incomes than their peers, and are thus more likely to be in poverty. Unmarried mothers of all ages reported most dissatisfaction with educational achievement. With the little income of both parents, it’s very difficult to provide with the required nutrition and care. It’s very difficult for teenage mother and father to support themselves and their baby. As their education is cut short, it’s very difficult for teenage parents to find decent job. Some parents just abandoned their child to escape the poverty. Teen Fathers The adolescent father faces immediate developmental crises, which include completing the developmental task of adolescence making a transition to parenthood, and sometimes adopting to marriage. These transitions can be stressful. The decision to include the young father in all aspects of the care is based on assessment in the following four areas: (1) the couple’s relationship; (2) levels of stress, concern, and coping; (3) educational and vocational goals; and (4) the level of health education knowledge. Adolescent fathers need support to discuss their emotional responses to the pregnancy. The father’s feelings of guilt, powerlessness, or bravado should be recognize because of their negative consequences for the parents and the child. Counseling the adolescent fathers needs to be reality oriented. Topics such as finances, child care, parenting skills, and the father’s role in the birth experience must be discussed. Teenage fathers also need to know about reproductive physiology and birth control options as well as safer sex practices. The adolescent father may continue to be involved in an ongoing relationship with the young mother and his baby. In many instances, he also plays an important role in the decisions about child care and raising the child. He is encouraged to use coping mechanisms that are not detrimental to his own, his parent’s, or his child’s well-being. Fathers can experience postpartum depression. There is a lot of advice out there for girls who find them facing an unwanted or unexpected pregnancy but there is very little information out there for guys. It takes two to make a baby but all too often when the pregnancy is announced the guy gets lost in the confusion. But teen fatherhood is not something to be taken lightly and along with responsibilities to the mother and the child you have rights that you need to know about. Teen fathers are more likely to get involved with criminal behavior, including alcohol and drug abuse, and drug dealing. Depending on their age, teen fathers can also face charges of statutory rape. Teen fathers earn less over time than men who have children at an older age. Over time, teen fathers earn 10 to 15 percent less annually than male teens that wait to have children. A young fathers financial insecurity or confusion about child care was most likely to lead to a stated disinterest, and that disinterest predicted uninvolvement. .To be a good teen father you can do the following: Choosing to stand by your baby is a big deal and shows that you definitely have the potential for the job. If you are still in a relationship with the mother of the child then that’s great, you can work together to be good parents and raise a happy child. Be sure to support the mother through the pregnancy, it is a very difficult time for her and her body is changing in a big way. Try and have some sort of balance, if you are working constantly you will never get to see your child. Teenage fathers should be a role model to their baby. They are the one shaping the characteristic of their children. Teen Mothers The very young adolescent mother is inexperienced and unprepared to recognize the early sign of illness, potential danger, or household hazards. She may inadvertently neglect her child. The higher mortality rates among the infants of adolescent mother are attributed to the inexperience, lack of knowledge, and immaturity of the mothers, causing them to unable to recognize a problem and obtain the necessary resources to rectify the situation. Nevertheless, in most instances, with adequate and developmentally appropriate teaching, Adolescents can learn effective parenting skills. The transition to parenthood may be difficult to adolescent parents. Coping with the developmental task of parenthood is often complicated by the unmet developmental needs and tasks of adolescents. Some young parents may experience difficulty accepting a changing self image and adjusting to new roles related to the responsibilities of infant care. Other adolescent parents, however, may have higher self concepts than their non-parenting peers. As adolescent parents move through the transition to parenthood, they may feel different from their peers, excluded from fun activities, and prematurely forced to enter an adult social role. The conflict between their own desires and the infant’s demands, in addition to the low tolerance for frustration that is typical of adolescents, further contribute to the normal psychosocial stress of child birth. Maintaining a relationship with the baby’s father is beneficial for the teen mother and her infant the involvement of the baby’s father is related to appropriate maternal behaviors and positive mother-infant relationship. Adolescent mothers provide warm and attentive physical care; however, they use less verbal interaction than do older parents, and adolescents tend to be less responsive to interact less positively with their infants than do older mothers. In comparison with adult mothers, teenage mothers have a limited knowledge of child development. They tend to expect too much of their children too soon and often characterize their infants as being fussy. This limited knowledge may cause teenagers to respond to their infants inappropriately. Sex Education Comprehensive sex education can for the most part be considered to people as having no effect on teens to avoid sex, but others can see it has a way to decrease teen pregnancies in America. According to Advocates for Youth (2009), comprehensive sex education programs helped youth â€Å"delay onset of sexual activity, reduce the frequency of sexual activity, reduce number of sexual partners, and increase condom and contraceptive use. † An important component of an ongoing sex is effective communication with parents. When peers are the primary source of sexual information, it is transmitted and exchanged in secret conversation and contains a large amount of misinformation. Adolescent need precise and concrete information that we allow then to answer questions such as â€Å"What if I start my period in the middle of class? † or â€Å"How can I keep people from telling I have an erection? † it is important to tell them what they want to know and what they can expect to happen as they became mature sexually.